Poulantzas’ Approach To The Capitalist State The WritePass Journal

Poulantzas’ Approach To The Capitalist State Theoretical Poulantzas’ Approach To The Capitalist State ). He is additionally generally well known for his Althusseran record of the States relative independence. The best intrigue of his state hypothesis can be found in Britain as apparent with the New Left Review which has energetically taken up his motivation (Clarke 1991). In spite of the fact that Nicos Poulantzas has on numerous events been referenced by the composed left, particularly corresponding to the state banter with Ralph Miliband and his help for Structural Marxism; it ought to be noticed that neither of these settings gives an exact portrayal of this dynamic scholar (Walsh 2012). For instance, the Miliband banter gives just a little impression of Poulantzas’ hypothesis of industrialist state. Notwithstanding being a prestigious Marxist political humanist, little is thought about his hypothesis of the state. Frequently, he is marked as a class-battle reductionist or structuralist; articulations that both neglect to catch his unpredictable hypothesis of the state (Tabak 1999). While his hypothesis is only here and there talked about in specific territories of the scholastic circles; note that he is among the most significant post-war scholars particularly to those that try to propel Marxist state speculations past unrefined instrumentalism and subjectivism (Walsh 2012). Consequently, this paper gives a progressively adjusted depiction of Poulantzas’s hypothesis of the industrialist state. Specifically, the paper examines the idea of the entrepreneur state from Poulantzas’ viewpoint and investigates how his pathbreaking examination gives significant experiences to understanding the conduct of the state and the states structure. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the political ramifications of his view. The force coalition So as to get an away from of Poulantzas’s state hypothesis, it is essential to initially look at the force alliance. For each general public, there is a variety of classes that structure the prevailing and ruled classes. In this regard, Poulantzas noticed that the financially predominant class could just build up political strength in the general public through the industrialist state (Walsh 2012). He considered this gathering of prevailing class the force coalition which contains the industrialist class and the financially incredible classes. The interests of the force alliance are heteros and the make-up and equalization of powers in the force coalition shift from state to state (Walsh 2012). Obviously, for each general public, there will consistently be conflicting and contending interests particularly among the distinctive decision classes. Given the different interests of the force alliance, it turns into the states essential job to guarantee that such clashing interests inside the force coalition don't subvert the predominance of the alliance in general nor present danger to solidarity. It along these lines turns into the job of the state to bring together and sort out the different classes and to maintain their political advantages without presenting danger to solidarity. It follows that the class contrasts inside the force coalition ought not block the states undertaking of keeping up solidarity and the subordinance of the inferior classes. Poulantzas, in this regard, sees the state as assuming a functioning job in the multiplication of relations and support of class-various leveled business as usual (Kalyvas 1999). Globalization and the State The current writing accessible on globalization takes a progressively liberal perspective on the State, the view that the State is a regional organization with brought together authority over its regions (Tabak 1999). As indicated by the liberal view, the state is treated as an element with its own exceptional force. In this manner the intensity of the state becomes released when multinationals leave its domain (Tabak 1999).â Others, sharing a comparative view, contend that when multinationals leave the state’s region, the state may not really become frail as insufficient capital has gotten away from the regional states area to make it out of date (Lenin 2012).â This paper, nonetheless, challenges this view from Poulantzas’s viewpoint of the state. The paper contends that these methodologies neglect to recognize the wellspring of the State’s self-governance. Poulantzas’s state hypothesis In the state hypothesis, Poulantzas appears to be less worried to invalidate liberal vote based hypothesis yet rather censures the socialist customary of state imposing business model private enterprise (Kalyvas 1999). Against this idea that the state is a malleable device of restraining infrastructure capital, Poulantzas rejects the liberal pluralistic-functionalist approaches and draws the consideration of standard political theory to his mind boggling social hypothesis (Kalyvas 1999). As indicated by Nicos Poulantzas, the intensity of the state isn't bound in a pretty much sound on-screen character/establishment and its temperament is free of its territoriality (Kalyvas 1999). The states institutionalism is an impression of the conflicting social relations and the state draws its capacity from these (Kalyvas 1999). The state’s presence is along these lines driven by conflicting social relations and can be seen as a regulated force relationship that rises above the national domain and the regional country; the two of which are not basic for its reality. Poulantzas state hypothesis reaffirms the view that the political domain is autonomous and isn't, as explained in old style Marxism, an impression of the monetary domain. He thinks about the states independence as focal in all conditions and free of its region. As indicated by Poulantzas, the state is by definition an industrialist state, which comprises the political solidarity of the predominant classes, consequently building up them as prevailing (Poulantzas 2000:â p.77 ). He dismisses the supposed instrumentalist point of view verbalized by Miliband on grounds that the states independence is free of the decision class and contends that the state is definitely not a unimportant instrument of the decision or predominant class, however is rather a different substance with its own plan. This state hypothesis created by Poulantzas has its foundations in his political hypothesis which proposes a local way to deal with comprehension and examining the various levels in a social arrangement: political, financial and ideological levels (Poulantzas 2000). His initial work was, nonetheless, subject to analysis in light of the fact that it was seriously functionalist, neglecting to show precisely how the state satisfies its job as the factor of union (Rooksby 2012). Pundits additionally contended that Poulantzas’s approach introduced the political and monetary areas as particular as opposed to just logically (Rooksby 2012). Analysis was additionally raised on grounds that his accentuation on deciding the job of auxiliary network in the industrialist society couldn't in any way, shape or form be joined with the possibility of unexpected class battle (Rooksby 2012). Poulantzas later work, state, power, communism, is unquestionably progressively better than his initial work and speaks to a meaningful step forward in his reasoning. In this last work, this Greek Marxist humanist rejects the Althusseran underpinnings consequently beating a significant number of the analysis raised with his initial work. The beginning stage of the investigation of the entrepreneur state shifts from the supposition of a determinant basic network to one that looks at the idea of relations of creation in the industrialist method of creation (Rooksby 2012). With a move in center, Poulantzas had the option to build up a progressively improved hypothesis of the state. In this last piece, he gives a splendid examination of private enterprise by conceptualizing an express that appears and thinks force and one that gives political space to class battle (Poulantzas 2000). His investigation recognizes the state as both the crystallization and locus of class battle. On one side,â â there is a class battle over the association of creation, information and over state’s juridical contraptions (Poulantzas 2000). It in this manner turns into the states job to reintegrate and bind together isolated and individualized specialists into one country. On the opposite side, this coordination happens with regards to class battle and the state and different organizations are a result of such battle (Poulantzas 2000). His hypothesis of the state is in light of the shortsighted understandings inside Marxism which set that the state was a negligible impression of the predominant class and that state strategy was an immediate articulation of this decision class political will (Clarke 1991). In the Marxist plan, the predominant class is one that claims or controls the methods for creation; and one in which its inclinations the state compares (Clarke 1991). That implies that the predominant class may utilize the state power as an instrument to accomplish its strength in the general public. Poulantzas couldn't help contradicting the Instrumentalist Marxist view and rather contended that the industrialist class was more centered around singular benefit as opposed to keeping up classs power in general (Poulantzas 2000). Against the instrumentalist approach, Poulantzas contends that the state is all the more a material buildup of the relationship among the different classes and that inborn class battle of the industrialist framework is designed into the states centralized server, along these lines the states activities and strategy can't be exclusively directed by the decision class (Poulantzas 2000). Owing a significant obligation to the idea of ‘cultural hegemony’ enunciated by Antonio Gramsci; Poulantzas likewise contends that the stifling developments of the abused are in no way, shape or form the states sole capacity (Salomon 2012). He contends that rather the state power acquires assent of the mistreated through class coalitions, wherein the decision class makes a union with the persecuted bunches so as to get their assent. As per Poulantzas, the state is neither an instrumentalist storehouse of the decision class-power nor a subject with its own theoretical force; yet is somewhat the focal point of the activity of intensity. Ramifications of this view Drawing from the abovementioned, it tends to be contended that th

Binomials in English - Definition and Examples

Binomials in English s Definition In language contemplates, a couple of words (for instance, boisterous and clear) expectedly connected by a combination (normally and additionally) a relational word. Additionally called a binomial pair. At the point when the word request is fixed, the binomial is supposed to be irreversible. (See Examples and Observations beneath.) A comparative development including three things or descriptive words (chime, book, and flame; quiet, cool, and gathered) is known as a trinomial. Likewise, see: ChunkCollocationDoubletsIdiomReduplicative Historical underpinnings From the Latin, two names Models and Observations Instances of binomials in English incorporate a throbbing painfulness, win big or bust, to and fro, beck and call, greater and better, a tiny bit at a time, beat up, high contrast, violence, bread and butter, air pocket and squeak, cut it out, balanced governance, shroud and blade, cops and burglars, corned hamburger and cabbage, straightforward, in any condition, passing and devastation, dollar for dollar, dos and donts, true to form, reckless, fire and brimstone, fish sticks and french fries, fragile living creature and bones, products and enterprises, ham and eggs, hand to mouth, hands and knees, heads or tails, hearts and blossoms, falter, between a rock and a hard place, high and low, self important, episode and puff, much love, kiss and make up, blade and fork, a wide margin, life and demise, gradually, long and short, lost and discovered, boisterous and clear, represent the moment of truth, milk and nectar, needle and string, piecemeal, nip and fold, presently or never, invali d and void, stray pieces, old and dark, coordinated, open and shut, a vital part, harmony and calm, tingling sensation, pots and skillet, clothes to newfound wealth, rise and fall, get going, crude but effective, free from any potential harm, holy people and miscreants, short yet sweet, sharing time, one next to the other, slip and slide, cleanser and water, routine, at some point or another, spotless, sticks and stones, unusual however evident, sugar and zest, good and bad, over and over, one good turn deserves another, like there's no tomorrow, thrash around, good and bad times, low maintenance, and win or lose. Reversible and Irreversible Binomials In the regular paper title text Cold and snow hold the country it is legitimate to set off the fragment cold and snow as a binomial, on the off chance that one concurs so to mark the succession of two words relating to a similar structure class, set on an indistinguishable degree of syntactic progressive system, and usually associated by a lexical connection. There is not all that much or standard about this specific binomial: Speakers are at freedom to alter the progression of its individuals (day off cold . . .) and may without any potential repercussions supplant either day off cold by some semantically related word (say, wind or ice). Notwithstanding, in a binomial, for example, miscellaneous items the circumstance is unique: The progression of its constituents has solidified to such a degree, that a reversal of the two kernels*ends and oddswould be scarcely reasonable to audience members got unsuspecting. Miscellaneous items, at that point, speaks to the unique instance of an ir reversible binomial.(Yakov Malkiel, Studies in Irreversible Binomials. Articles on Linguistic Themes. College of California Press, 1968) Equal and Echoic Binomials The third most successive binomial in the DoD [Department of Defense] corpus is companions and partners, with 67 cases. In contrast to most of binomials, it is reversible: partners and companions likewise happens, with 47 occurrences.Both partners and companions allude to nations which accord with US strategies; thusly, the two directions of the binomial may slant us to arrange the binomial as interchangeable (Gustafsson, 1975). Logically, companions and partners may have an increasing capacity, like echoic binomials (where WORD1 is indistinguishable from WORD2, for example, to an ever increasing extent and more grounded and stronger.(Andrea Mayr, Language and Power: An Introduction to Institutional Discourse. Continuum, 2008)

Audiobooks for Beginners

Audiobooks for Beginners This was the year that I discovered the audiobook. I had not been a fan before this year, but then I realized that I spent too much time on the road listening to music that I just did not like. I wanted to be reading instead. I got an Audible account, made a few false starts, and then settled in to listen to A Discovery of Witches.   It was a great experience, and it made me want more.   I started looking for books to listen to that I might not get around to reading otherwise. That was in May. Now that I have 19 audiobooks under my belt, I feel equipped to make a few recommendations.   Consider this my guide for the uninitiated. The Thirteenth Tale Written by Diane Setterfield, Narrated by Bianca Amato and Jill Tanner I am not alone when I say that this is one of my favorite audiobooks. At a time when I was starting to lose interest in the whole thing, this book got my attention. I am not sure what it was, exactly.   Both the quality of the writing and the production value are very high.  Setterfield has written a story with great depth and emotion. It is as well-developed a mystery as I have read in a very long time.   While I am sure I would have enjoyed it in print, it was the narration of Amato and Tanner that really brought the story to life. I spent more than one afternoon sitting in my car long after I had pulled into my parking space, just so I could listen a little longer. The Graveyard Book Written and Narrated by Neil Gaiman Gaiman is one of the rare authors who does the narration for many of his own novels, which, in his case makes sense.   He is as talented a narrator as he is an author. He brings life to this story in a way that only he can â€" especially since it takes place in a graveyard. I was quite impressed with how Gaiman chose to bring life to his characters and how much attention he paid to the detail. I could hear the changes in Bod’s voice as he grows up, as well as the distinct accents of the many different characters. I had never before considered a graveyard a warm and inviting place. Gaiman’s convinced me otherwise. People of the Book Written by Geraldine Brooks, Narrated by Edwina Wren This audiobook is a perfect blend of the storytelling that I loved so much in The Thirteenth Tale and the characterization that made The Graveyard Book so engaging. There is just one narrator at work, but she succeeds in bringing to life a whole cast of characters, ranging in age, gender, nationality, and time period. Fortunately, the material is as rich and complex as the performance that brings it to life. Brooks has written a story that was meant to be read out loud, and Wren was more than equal to the task. This should give you something to do with that Audible membership you got in your stocking. _______________________ Cassandra Neace teaches college students how to write essays and blogs about books and book-related goodness at  Indie Reader Houston. Follow her on  Twitter:  @CassandraNeace

The Asian American Culture Of America - 1907 Words

The culture that I chose to present is the Asian American culture. It is one of the fastest formed ethnic groups that had their population grow 63% from 1990 to 2000 (Nguyen, 1). The history of the first Asian immigrants started around the gold rush in California. Many Asian immigrants wanted to pursue fortunes in America because of economic hardships in China. Many Chinese started moving to the United States in hopes to get some of the gold in California. Many Chinese were also contracted to work on the railroads in the United States where they worked in very poor conditions for little money and recognition for their hard work. The Chinese even demanded high wages for their work in these poor conditions, but ultimately they were shot†¦show more content†¦(Le, 1) The term Asian American refers to anyone that is living in the United States with a background or heritage with peoples of far east Asia, Southeast Asia and India (Chen, 2). In this culture, there are many different types of ethnicities inside the race of Asian Americans. This group includes Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Laotian, Taiwanese, Vietnamese, Filipino, Cambodian, and Indians that are a part of the continent of Asia. The language of Asian Americans can differ from the type of background that they grew up in. They can chose to adopt the English language in order to better communicate with their surroundings. Asian Americans do not have a primary location in the United States. When the gold rush took place in California, many Asian Americans set up china towns in and around that state. The highest populated area of Asian Americans is in California with over 4.2 million inhabitants. They are a very diverse culture and many have different reasons for moving to the United States from searching for a better life to escaping war times. Some Asian Americans that immigrated to the United States need to adopt the norms that society has that is called acculturation. (Zhang, 752) One characteristic of the culture is that in Asian cultures, most people share a high power distance between one another. This means that there is a sensitivity when speaking with people in a higher position in relation to one another. Children are taught to

How Do We Know Something - 2341 Words

How do we know something? ¨ Well people can know something through three ways: 1.)experiential/empirical 2.)cognitive/rational and 3.)constructed/creational. With experiential a person can know something because they have experienced it, basically through the five senses. With cognitive one knows something because it has been thought through, argued, or rationalized. With constructed a person knows something because they created it and it may be subjective instead of objective and it may be based on practice or awareness. There will be five authors that will be referenced in this essay, they are Hume, Kant, and Locke. Empiricism, A-priorism, and Skepticism will be discussed. Empiricism: A mind that is blank has no room to process sensations. A blank mind is no mind at all. The process of empiricism can’t even begin. The senses aren’t trustworthy. The first step in an empirical theory of knowledge is the regaining of data through the senses. For this process to succeed the senses must be trustworthy. If a witness in a criminal case is shown to have perjured himself, how much credence do you give to the other statements he made. If you’re eyes deceive you once you can’t believe any of it. It is impossible to distinguish a valid perception from an invalid perception. Empiricism cannot determine individuals. â€Å"This massive mountain (Mt. Blanca) stands at the southern end of the Sangre de Cristo range. Is it them really a thing, an individual, a primary reality? If the entireShow MoreRelatedThe Scientific Study Of Epistemology817 Words   |  4 Pageslike me, science is a fact; but â€Å"how did it get in that way?† And, â€Å"how do we know that we know?† These fundamental questions are part of the scientific study of epistemology. Epistemology describes the nature and scope of science, it is known as â€Å"theory of knowledge†, and it is fundamental to any learning. 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STP Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning in Marketing Strategies Free Essays

Introduction All marketing is built on STP – Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning (Kotler Keller, p.310). In the chapter of fundamental marketing concepts, trends, and tasks it says: â€Å"A marketer can rarely satisfy everyone in a market. We will write a custom essay sample on STP: Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning in Marketing Strategies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not everyone likes the same cereal, hotel room, restaurant, automobile, collage or movie. Therefore, marketers start by dividing up the market into segments† (Kotler Keller, 2005, p.24). Segmentation is often the key to developing a sustainable competitive advantage based on differentiation, low cost, or a focus strategy (Aaker, 1995, p.49). It is difficult to identify segments, but typically you consider five, ten or more segmentation variables. These variables needs to be evaluated on the basis of their ability to identify segments for which different strategies are (or should be) pursued (Aaker, 1995, p.51). Once the segments are defined, it is possible for the marketers to evaluate what segments presents the greatest opportunity for business and make an offer to target this specific segment. The useful segment variables for this are : (1) Parameters unrelated to the product (demographic, gender etc) (2) Parameters related to the product (3) Competitor segmentation (4) Benefit segmentation (5) Price Sensitivity (6) Loyalty (7)Application segmentation (Aker, 1995, p.52-54). No company can win if its products and offerings resemble every other product and offering. Companies must pursue relevant positioning and differentiation. In the line of making these strategies, each company must represent a distinctive big idea in the mind of the target market. Positioning is the act of designing the company’s offering and image to occupy a distinctive place in the mind of the target market (Kotler Keller, 2005, p.310). This way of positioning works for static businesses like the shampoo and the washing powder businesses for example. Products in a more dynamic environment like PC’s and semiconductors, where things change often, fast and dramatically, need another way of thinking which is described below: †Standard approaches to positioning do not necessarily work. A company that is #1 today has no guarantee that it will be #1 tomorrow. New technologies can turn a seemingly solid position into a fragile one almost overnight. No amount of advertising can prevent that from happening. Even with the best of slogans, a company can lose its position in the market.† McKenna (1985, p.15) Positioning is not something that you do with the product, positioning is what you do to the mind of the prospect. That is, you position the product in the mind of the prospects. This is described in the book Positioning (Ries Trout, 2006), who claims that the market place today is an overcommunicated society where there is too much of information communicating its offer (Ries Trout, 2006, p.6). This is the reason of why we need positioning. We need positioning to be successful in communicating our message on the market place in the overcommunicated society. Positioning is a concept that has changed the nature of advertising, a concept so simple, people have difficulty understanding how powerful it is (Ries Trout, 2006, p.2). According to Trout the history within the advertisement on the market place, which now is overcommunicated, have been in three different eras (Ries Trout, 2006, p.22-24): †¢ Product era; where Unique Selling Points were communicated, but was destroyed by Me-too companies. †¢ Image era; where successful companies found image more important than product features. This era was also destroyed by the Me-too companies. †¢ Positioning era; to succeed in our overcommunicated society, a company mustcreate a position in the prospect’s mind. In this era, strategy is king and there isnot necessary to invent and be first with the product, but you need to be first in the mind of your customer. In our overcommunicated society, the paradox is that nothing is more important than communication. With communication going for you, anything is possible. Without it, nothing is possible. No matter how talented and ambitious you may be (Ries Trout, 2006, p.19). Positioning is about communication. Positioning is to say the right things to the right person at the right time, NASA call this a window in space. In other words, positioning is an organized system for finding windows in the mind. It is based on the concept that communication can only take place at the right time under the right circumstances. With this in mind, it is also important to keep the position statement oversimplified, to be able to reach the mind of the prospects (Ries Trout, 2006, p.7) According to Ries Trout, there are two possible ways to get into the mind of a person, the easy one and the hard one. The easy one is to be first, the hard one is to be second or ater. Most of the people know the name of the first man on the moon, a lot fewer know the name of the second. But even if you are second, there are strategies for this kind of situation. These situations are described as repositioning by Ries Trout (2006, p.63). Once you are in the mind of the person, the positioning requires consistency. It should be kept year after year. It is very common that companies forget what made them successful, and change the positioning communication. This is normally wrong strategy according to Trout, and refers to when Avis changed their successful slogan: â€Å"Avis is only No. 2 in rent-a-cars, so why go with usWe try harder.† to the less successful; â€Å"Avis is going to be No. 1†. The explanation behind this logic is that to be successful you need to touch base with reality. And the only reality that counts is what’s already in the prospect’s mind (Ries Trout, 2006, p.5). In this case, Avis was not destined to be No.1, unless it could find a weakness in Hertz to explore. To develop an offer, you need to know your strategies of what you are going to sell to whom. If you are working according to the suggestions in Michael Porter’s book Competitive Strategies (Porter, 1998, p.35), where he claims that you need to choose between (1) Product differentiation, (2) Low price or (3) Niches to be successful, then you need to form a clear offer for that specific segment. You can only have success by being the best in one segment, if you try to combine you will most likely have trouble with resources and risk that another company wins this area. When you know the segment, you need to decide about your specific positioning. Kotler recommend the company to evaluate between 7 specific sources of positioning (Kotler, 1999, p.78): (1) Attribute positioning (2) Advantage positioning (3) Application positioning (4)User positioning (5) Competitive positioning (6) Category positioning (7)Quality/price positioning. Further on Kotler (1999) writes that companies must not do the following mistakes: Under positioning: Fail to offer a strong benefit or reason to buy the product Over positioning: To create a position that is too tight, which results in that you miss customers. Confusing positioning: To offer two or more benefits that interfere with each Other irrelevant positioning: To offer benefits to customers that doesn’t matter forthem. Doubtful positioning: To claim a benefit that customers will doubt the company to achieve. In the book â€Å"Crossing the chasm† by Geoffrey Moore, he claims that the positioning is the single largest influence on the buying decision. Not only for the final decision, but also for how to evaluate alternatives leading up to the final choice (Moore, 2001, p.144). Geoffrey Moore describes the positioning process in four components (Moore, 2001, p.147): The claim: The fundamental position statement The evidence: Develop sufficient evidence for the statement Communications: Address the right audience in the right sequence with the right message Feedback and adjustments: Competitors can be expected to respond to the statement trying to poke holes in the effort, this might require a patch up. There are different tools to use when evaluating the status of the position. Some of them can be found in the handbook of Andberg Eliasson (2005, p.47-54) where they are mentioned: 1) Marketing positioning diagram 2) Marketing roles 3) Marketing stairs 4) Profile diagram. Sjostrom, R. (1996, p26) have made a deep analysis of positioning and found out that there are four different groups of how to see positioning:Product-, Competition-, Relation-, and Phase oriented Positioning. Marketing Mix, Four P’s The Marketing Mix model also commonly known as the 4P’s Kotler (2005, p.19), describes the marketing tools and variables used by a company to pursue its marketing objectives. In other words, the Marketing Mix approach to marketing is a model used to assist in implementing marketing strategies. The Marketing Mix principles are based on ontrollable variables which can be used by companies to meet the changing needs of the target group. Typical controllable variables are product variety, quality, list price advertising and channels. The function on the model is useful helping companies to develop an optimal package (mix) of variables that will not only satisfy the needs of their customers within the target markets, but also simultaneously maximize the performance and profit of the company. Pricing is an important but difficult issue in this model, important because it is the only mix that generate a turnover for the company, all other P’s in the model are connected to costs, and â€Å"Pricing is difficult because the various products have demand and cost interrelationship and are subject to different degrees of competition† Kotler (2005, p.387). Figure – The 4P’s Components of the Marketing Mix (Kotler 2005, p.19) The Marketing Mix model is described in figure 3, describing the mix of Product, Price,Promotion and Place. Working with the model, also means working with sub-mixes ofeach different P. For example, the Promotion variable can be further decomposed into apromotional mix consisting of variables like; sales promotion, advertising, sales force,public relations and direct marketing. Within the promotional mix, advertising can befurther broken down into an advertising media mix that specifies how much emphasis isplaced on television ads, radio ads, newspaper ads, internet ads, magazine ads, etc. I would like to reflect on some variables within each group of the model that I find interesting when analyzing a Marketing Mix of a company. 1 Product The mix of products in each company is defined in one or more product lines, and each line has its own length depending on the companies strategy and competition. The lengths (amount of products) can be stretched to cover wider area of products or it can be filled (features of product within the range), both activities strive to find new customers and increase the sales and market share. The product line is also an interesting object for analyzing, to find out which product line to grow, maintain, harvest or divest. The quality is a variable to benefit from when communicating the message of the product/brand, but also when dealing with warranties, services and returns, while services and returns cost money. 2 Price Pricing is as mentioned above, a complex issue. There are both internal and external parameters to consider, with internal I mean manufacturing and marketing costs that need to be covered and with external I mean that you should consider the need of the market, the competition etc. I have read about 6 different situations only involving different product-mix pricing Kotler (2005, p.387). Pricing is also about credits, discounts, interests and leasing. It is all about to find out the most beneficial method for the company and in the same time give the customer maximum satisfaction according to his expectations. 3 Promotion Promotion is a group that handles variables likeadvert i si ng and sales promotion. These two variables I mentioned affect each other in a positive way. According to a study described (Kotler, 2005, p.387), a price promotion resulted in a 15% increase in sales volume, combined with feature promotion the product sales increased 19 %. Most affect was when also POP (Point-of-Purchase) was added to the campaign, like demonstrations. The tools to use are many and some will work better than others depending on the product and market. The main different areas when talking about omotion tools are; Consumer-, Trade- and Business and Sales Force Promotion Tools (Kotler, 2005, p.588-599). 4 Place I find the variableschannel andlocation in the group â€Å"Place† to be important variables to have control of. The channels are about moving goods from producer to consumer. Location is about where to find and get the product, not only physical but also places like web pages on the Internet. When discussing channels, functions and flow (Kotler, 2005, p.473) are easy to understand for me. Functions like physical or promotion creates a forward flow, from company to customer, and functions like ordering and payment create a backward flow. I find it more complex to understand, control and implement the Vertical marketing System Kotler (2005, p.486), Horizontal Marketing System (Kotler, 2005, p.488) or the most common of them, the Multi channel Marketing System (Kotler, 2005, p.488) into the strategies of a company. But this is the strength of this model I think, because if you can control all the independent variables in this model, you will most likely have good success in the sales volume. Reference Aaker, D. (1995), Strategic Marketing Management, John Wiley, New York, NY Adndberg, L. Eliasson, B. (2005),Marknadspl anen, Liber, Malmo. Holme, I.M., Solvang B.K (1997), Forskningsmetodik: om kvalitativa och kvantitativa studier. Lund: Studentlitteratur. Oversattning: Bjorn Nilsson. Kotler, P. (1999), Kotlers marknadsforing, Liber, Malmo. Kotler, P. Keller K. L. (2005), Marketing Management, 12th edition, Pearson Prentice Hall. McKenna, R. (1985), The Regis Touch, new market strategies for uncertain times, Addison-Wesley Publ. Company Inc., California. Moore, Geoffrey A. (2001), Crossing the Chasm, 3rd edition, Capstone, Oxford. Ries, A. Trout, J. (2006), Positioning: The battle for your mind, McGraw-Hill, London Sjostrom, R. (1996), Positionering under strategisk osakerhet, Diss. Ekonomiska institutionen, LiTH, Linkoping How to cite STP: Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning in Marketing Strategies, Essay examples

1. Definition of Down Syndrome Essay Example For Students

1. Definition of Down Syndrome Essay Down Syndrome, congenital malformation accompanied by moderate to severe mental retardation, and caused by a chromosomal abnormality. The chance of getting Down syndrome is approximately one in 700 births, but the risk varies with the age of the mother. The incidence of Down syndrome in children born to 25-year-old mothers is approximately 1 in 1200; the risk increases to approximately 1 in 120 for women older than 40 years. Prenatal tests like amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling can be used to detect the chromosomal abnormality causing Down syndrome. Maternal blood tests can also suggest the presence of a fetus with Down syndrome when levels of alphafetoprotein are lower than usual, or when levels of unconjugated estriol and human chorionic gonadotrophin are abnormal. The chromosomal abnormality which generally causes Down syndrome is trisomy-21, or the presence of three 21st chromosomes. As a result, the affected person has 47 chromosomes in all body cells instead of the normal 46. Scientists assume that the reason for the abnormally is the fertilization of an ovum having 24 chromosomes by a sperm with a normal assortment of 23, but they have also found that the sperm can carry the extra chromosome as well. The abnormal ovum or sperm is derived from a germ cell in which the pair of 21st chromosomes holds together and passes into the same sperm or ovum instead of separating. There are two types of Down Syndrome: translocation and mosaicism. Down syndrome can not yet be treated, but medical care of the disease results in an almost normal life for the persons affected. In the past, many children with Down syndrome were put in institutions. Today, Most children with Down syndrome participate in public-school programs, and most adults with Down syndrome hold jobs of different types in our society. Persons with Down syndrome are often short in stature and have a small, round head with a high, flattened forehead. A typical feature is a fold of skin, the epicanthic fold, on either side of the bridge of the nose.. Such persons are also subject to heart defectsmany of which can be corrected surgicallyand are more likely to develop leukemia than normal people. 2. Life with Down Syndrome 1. The ostracism related to Down Syndrome First of all, even if it sounds very logical, its important to say that Down Syndrome isnt usual; its not something that occurs in everybodys life . A minority of people have this disease, and therefore, were not used to this. Maybe it scares us, maybe it makes us laugh, or maybe it makes us feel sorry. Anyway, we feel uncomfortable in these peoples company. Were not used to confront them in our everyday life ,so it makes it difficult for us to share our lives with them in the same unique society. This is when the phenomenon of ostracism makes its entrance. Here are two major factors to this ostracism: People with Down Syndrome are mentally handicapped, and can therefore not accomplish the same intellectual tasks as normal people. Of course, it depends on how severe the handicap is, but in most of the cases, this is true. So the society does not accept from the intellectual point of view. Persons with Down Syndrome dont look the same way as we do. Sometimes, theyre even physically handicapped. This makes it difficult for them to participate in our physical activities , which sometimes even run our lives. Sports are one of these activities. One can say its a good thing there has been arranged games for these people, but doesnt this attend to separate them even more from our society ?In a way ,it does. I will conclude by saying that its a fact , this ostracism really exists . But isnt it human ? Sometimes one just cannot control their feelings. .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 , .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 .postImageUrl , .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 , .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691:hover , .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691:visited , .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691:active { border:0!important; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691:active , .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Homeless Essay Its nature, its the way we are .And actually , theres nothing more to it . At least , for the moment .A change of mentality is a long process. The people concerned must in a way accept this, as long as theyre not made fun of or discriminated. And again, as in the issue of racism, tolerance is the key. We cant be asked to like them, but .

Kudler Fine Foods Market Research

Chopin Music Bio Essays - Frdric Chopin, Great Emigration, Mazurkas

Chopin Music Bio Essays - Frdric Chopin, Great Emigration, Mazurkas Chopin Music Bio Dayne Ventura Music Appreciation MU 200 Frdric Franois Chopin Portrait of Chopin by Eugne Delacroix (1838) In this bibliography, I will discuss Chopin, his life span and nationality, and the historical period of his performance. I will address his types of major works and titles and discuss his major contributions to music. Additionally, I will touch upon his early works, his dedications and his teachings. Frdric Franois Chopin, (1810-1849), Polish composer and pianist of the romantic era, regarded by some as the greatest of all composers of music for the piano. Born Fryderyk Chopin in Zelazowa Wola, near Warsaw. His father was French and his mother was Polish. He preferred to use the French name Frdric. He began to study the piano at the age of four, and he played at a private concert in Warsaw when he was eight years old. Later he studied harmony and counterpoint at the Warsaw Conservatory. Chopin was also advanced as a composer: His first published composition is dated 1817. He gave his first concerts as a piano virtuoso in 1829 in Vienna, where he lived for the next two years. After 1831, except for brief absences, Chopin lived in Paris, where he became noted as a pianist, teacher, and composer. He formed an intimate relationship in 1837 with French writer George Sand. In 1838 Chopin began to suffer from tuberculosis and Sand nursed him in Mallorca, in the Balearic Islands, and in France until continued differences between the two resulted in an estrangement in 1847. Thereafter his musical activity was limited to giving several concerts in 1848 in France, Scotland, and England. The 1830s have been called the decade of the piano because the piano and the music written for it played a dominant role in European musical culture. As the Industrial Revolution hit, piano manufacturers developed methods for building many more pianos at lower cost. Pianos ceased to be the exclusively for the wealthy. Middle class could also own them and make music at home. Thousands of amateur pianists began to take lessons, buy printed music, and attend concerts. Chopin's piano playing was highly regarded by other virtuosos and was in great demand from professional and amateur musicians alike. Unlike the other composer-pianists of his time, Chopin rarely gave public concerts; his performing was generally confined to the homes of wealthy aristocrats and businessmen. Public awareness of Chopin's music came about primarily through its publication, and the process of putting his works into print. However, this was not simply a matter of converting his manuscripts into printed form. Chopin felt that many performance details, such as phrasing, dynamics, pedaling, and articulation, were not fixed elements of his music, even though they have a substantial impact on the way it sounds. He was inconsistent about including performing instructions in his manuscripts, and when publishers asked him to supply them at the proof stage, he often changed his mind several times. Nearly all of Chopin's compositions were for piano. Although a refugee, he was deeply loyal to his war-torn homeland, his mazurkas reflect the rhythms and melodic traits of Polish folk music, and his polonaises contain a heroic spirit. Italian opera composer Vincenzo Bellini also influenced his melodies. His ballads, scherzos, and tudes exemplify his large-scale works for solo piano. His music, which is romantic and lyrical in nature, is characterized by great originality of melody, refined and often adventurous harmony, subtle rhythm, and poetic beauty. Chopin greatly influenced other composers, such as the Hungarian pianist and composer Franz Liszt, German composer Richard Wagner, and French composer Claude Debussy. Chopin's many published compositions include 55 mazurkas, 27 tudes, 24 preludes, 19 nocturnes, 13 polonaises, and 3 piano sonatas. Among his other works are the Concertos in E minor and in F minor, both for piano and orchestra, the cello sonata, and 17 songs. Among Chopin's most individual works are the Prludes. Intended to serve as beginnings to an intimate recital, these pieces range from tender melancholy to the dramatic of the stormy Prelude in D minor. Many of Chopin's most beautiful compositions come from the series of short, reflective pieces he called Nocturnes. As can be heard in the Nocturne in F-sharp, these works are usually gentle and

Project management---management of project organization Essay - 1

Project management---management of project organization - Essay Example The United Nations; Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); The World Bank Group; International Committee of the Red Cross; CARE; Mercy Corps; President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR); Oxfam; World Vision International; Plan International; ActionAid; Doctors Without Borders; Greenpeace; World Wide Fund for Nature; ADRA; CAFOD; Save the Children International; SOS Children’s Villages. In project-oriented organizations personnel and departments are organized around individual projects. For instance, many project-oriented organizations have project managers that manage teams of personnel. These personnel are usually from different departments and have different responsibilities, but all are required to successfully implement the project. Typically, many teams operate simultaneously, but they do not have to interact with each other because each is focused on completing its own project (Cordes 2013, pg. 37). Project-oriented organizations employ structures borrowed from organizations based on functions, hierarchies, and operations. They use a matrix structure in which important organizational functions are housed in a management structure, while the work is conducted in project-based teams that have a hierarchical structure. Unlike the construction contractor, the management consulting company would have an organizational structure that is umbrella-based. This means that it includes all organizational structures that are not based around projects. It would, in summary, employ a functional model as its organizational structure, unlike the construction contractor’s matrix model. In the functional model, a manager supervises several different department heads, each of who manages one department in which specific tasks are carried out (Gibbons 2013, pg. 12). For instance, the management consulting company may have several departments for accounting, human resources,

Big data Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Big data - Term Paper Example There is a huge amount of data available on the Internet. This report presents an analysis of big data. The basic purpose of this research is to present an overview of big data and how it can be used by the organizations for the betterment of their organizational tasks. This report will start with an introduction of big data. After that a general discussion will provided on big data and its associated aspects. In the start this report discusses the general concepts associated with big data however after that a detailed discussion will be provided on the impact of big data on a specific organization. In this scenario, this report will present a detail discussion on the impact of big data on healthcare sector. ... In view of the fact this era is known as the age of information and communication technology in which everything appears in digital format, and as a result everything comes under the domain of data. For instance in the medical sector, an electrocardiogram is now used in digital format which can be collected and stored as a dataset and information (attained after the processing of these data). In the same way, MRIs, CT scans and a variety of medical images are at the present digital, and these unique digital records and files are being stored and processed in the form of datasets. Hence, thousands and thousands of distinct datasets are adding up to the big data (Ackerman). Opportunities offered by the Big Data At the present, with the big data the majority of business organizations and retailers make use of data more efficiently to make planned decisions that commence with the customer and help to develop a more thorough design process. In addition, â€Å"this analytics-driven design can intensify major touch points all the way through the customer experience at the same time as improving sales beneficially† (Trank p.2). The research has shown that the organizations that use big data for their business can be familiar with their customers and the way they communicate with the business and shop online much better than many of those customers can be familiar with themselves. In fact, these datasets are not only the huge volumes of data but also they provide the organizations with excellent ways to determine and keep records of their transactions as well as other communications with suppliers, retailers, banks, utilities and service providers. In addition, at the present there have emerged a number of algorithms which can be applied on

Solar energy

Solar energy INTRODUCTION Solar energy is an inexhaustible resource. The sun produces vast amounts of renewable solar energy that can be collected and converted into heat and electricity. Texas, due to its large size and abundant sunshine, has the largest solar energy resources among the states. Several other states, however, lead the nation in terms of using solar energy, mostly due to state policies and incentives that encourage the installation of solar energy systems. California is the nations largest solar energy market by far, and has effective state initiatives promoting the industry. Other states with notable markets for solar energy include New Jersey, Arizona,Colorado and New York. Solar energy Solar energy means using the energy of sunlight to provide electricity, to heat water, and to heat or cool homes, business or industry. Sunlight is a clean, renewable source of energy. It is a sustainable resource, meaning it doesnt run out, the supplied can be maintained. Coal or gases are not sustainable. Once they are gone, there is none left. Solar, wind, geometrical steam, hydro-electricity and others. It is sometimes called ‘Green Power. How does solar work? Photovoltaic solar cells dirtectly convert sun light in to electricity. The simplest cells are used to operate wristwatches and calculater, an d more complicated systems are used to light houses. PV cells are combined into molecules called arrays, and the number of arrays used determines the amount of electricity produced. For example, a large number of arrays would be needed to generated electricity for a power plant. A power plant can also use a concentrating solar power system where sunlight is focused with mirror to create a intensity heat source to produce steam or mechanical power to run a generator to creates electricity. Solar water heating systemshave two main parts: a solar collector and a storage tank. Generally, the collector is a thin, flat, rectangular box with a transparent cover mounted on the roof, facing the sun. The sun heats anabsorber platein the collector, and this heats the water running through tubes inside the collector. The heated water is pumped or moved by gravity into the storage tank. Solar water heaters can use about two thirds less energy than those of other methods. The Process Sun shining on solar panels produces direct current electricity, or DC, the only kind of power stored in batteries. Often this is 12 volt DC, the standard used in cars and RVs. Larger systems may be designed for 24 volt DC, or sometimes 48 volt DC. This just means combining the same solar panels in pairs for 24 volt, or groups of four to get 48 volt. Windmills and micro-hydro generators in this catalog also produce DC for charging batteries. This DC power is stored in deep cycle lead-acid batteries, which give back the electricity as needed, even when no power is being produced. Like a bank account, power put into batteries over a period of time can be taken out more quickly if a lot is needed. Like a bank account you cannot take out more than you put in, or the account will be depleted. Moreover, lead-acid batteries need to be frequently 100% fully charged to remain in good condition. They should never be drawn completely down to empty. Because of these needs, to get the most years from your batteries requires some supervision by the owner. The inverter is a major component that converts the 12, 24, or 48 volt DC current from the battery into 120 volt AC current, the same as utility power for standard household lights, outlets, and appliances. Most solar homes use primarily 120 volt AC produced by the inverter. A few DC circuits are usually added where using DC can save a lot of energy. If there are a number of consecutive days without sunshine, the owner, being aware of the weather, checks his batteries. If the charge level is low, an engine driven generator may be started to recharge the batteries in order to keep the whole system working. A battery charger plugs into 120 volt AC from the generator producing low voltage DC to charge the battery. The generator is shut down after the batteries have been recharged. This process is automated in some power systems. Battery chargers in Recreational Vehicles are called converters). History Humans have harnessed the power of the sun for millennia. In the fifth century B.C., the Greeks took advantage of passive solar energy by designing their homes to capture the suns heat during the winter. Later, the Romans improved on solar architecture by covering south-facing windows with clear materials such as mica or glass, preventing the escape of solar heat captured during the day. In the late 19th century, inventors and entrepreneurs in Europe and the U.S. developed solar energy technology that would form the basis of modern designs. Among the best known of these inventors are August Mouchet and William Adams. Mouchet constructed the fi rst solar-powered steam engine.7 William Adams used mirrors and the sun to power a steam engine, a technology now used in solar power towers. He also discovered that the element selenium produces electricity when exposed to light. In the last 20 years, solar energy has made further inroads and now is used extensively in off -grid and remote power applications such as data monitoring   and communications, well pumping and rural power supply, and in small-scale applications such as calculators and wristwatches. But solar energy has not yet achieved its potential to become a major contributor to world electrical grids.   Passive solar heating Some buildings are designed forpassive solar heating, and do not need a solar collector. Basically, passive solar heating is when opportunities are made for the sun to shine into the building to warm it up. The walls and floors are made with materials that absorb and store the suns heat, and they heat up during the day and release the heat at night. This is called direct gain. In cold places in the northern hemisphere big windows are put in the south side of the building, letting in much sunlight. The inside of the buildings are therefore well lit, further reducing use of electricity. Heating bills can be half the size of those for a building requiring electrical or other heating. Building designs make sure that the longest walls run east to west, to allow more sunlight to enter in winter than in summer, with shades and overhangs to reduce summer heat. Solar Cookers Solar cookers can cook just about any food that a conventional oven can. A basic cooker is an insulated box with a glass top. Heat from concentrated sunlight gets trapped in the box and can be used to heat food placed in the box. What is solar energy? Solar is a radiant that is produced by the sun. Every day the sun radiates or sends out, an enormous amount of energy. The sun radiates more energy in one second then people have used since the beginning of time! During nucleus fusion the sun is extremely high pressure and temperature cause hydrogen atoms to come apart and their nuclei (the central cores of the atoms) to fuse or combine. For hydrogen nucleus fuse to become one helium atom contains less mass than four hydrogen atoms that fused. Some matter is loosed during nuclear fusion. The lost matter is emitted into space as radiant energy.   It takes million of years of the energy in the suns core to make its way to the solar surface and then just a little over eight minutes to travel the 93 million miles to earth. The solar energy travels to the earth at a speed of 186,000 miles per second, the speed of light. Solar Electricity Solar energy technology is used on both small and large scales to produce electricity. A unique advantage of small-scale solar energy systems is that, if they include storage devices, They may eliminate the need to connect to the electric grid. PV systems power road maintenance And railroad warning signs, flashing school zone lights, area lighting and other devices without expensive power lines or batteries. Off shore oil rigs, navigational aids, water pumps, telecommunication equipment, remote weather stations and data logging equipment also benefit from PV power.16 In 2005, small-scale, off -grid PV-powered devices accounted for about 15 percent of PV capacity installed worldwide.17 In the same year, most installed PV systems — 59 percent — provided electricity to homes and buildings connected to the electrical grid.18 The remaining PV systems were installed for use in remote off -grid homes and buildings in industrialized countries and the developing world. Solar Heating Solar systems that heat water for homes and businesses, and passive solar design for buildings of all sizes, both have the same effect on the electric grid as conservation. They do not generate electricity per sec, but reduce the demand for electricity and natural gas. Uses Solar energy has many uses. It can be used to provide heat, light or to generate electricity. Passive solar energy refers to the collection of heat and light; passive solar design, for instance, uses the suns energy to make homes and buildings more energy-effi cient by eliminating the need for daytime lighting and reducing the amount of energy needed for heating and cooling. Active solar energy refers to storing and converting this energy for other uses, either as photovoltaic (PV) electricity or thermal energy. Economic Impact In 2006, global solar industry revenues were $10.6 billion.21 Texas specific data for solar industry revenues are not available. The IC2 Institute expects the solar industry to create more jobs and contribute billions of dollars in investment and income to the U.S. economy over the next decade, if long term incentives are offered to encourage the solar industry.22 An IC2 study noted that: †¦since high-tech manufacturing employment in Texas has yet to return to pre-recession levels, the PV manufacturing industry creates an opportunity to generate employment for semiconductor and electric component workers statewide whose jobs have been outsourced offshore. The Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) estimates that â€Å"every megawatt of solar power currently supports 32 jobs, with 8 of these jobs in system design, distribution, installation and service created where the systems are installed. As utilities begin to charge higher rates for peak load periods, PV systems that generate the most electricity during the hottest time of the day can produce substantial savings on energy costs. Production Sunlight can be converted into heat and electricity in a number of ways. A variety of solar technologies are in production, and many companies and researchers are pursuing efforts to develop devices that convert the suns energy more efficiently. Photovoltaic Energy Photovoltaic cells (PV) are used worldwide to convert sunlight into electricity. The PV cell contains two layers of semiconducting material, one with a positive charge and the other with a negative charge. When sunlight strikes the cell, some photons are absorbed by semiconductor atoms, freeing electrons that travel from the negative layer of the cell back to the positive layer, in the process creating a voltage. The flow of electrons through an external circuit produces electricity. Since individual photovoltaic cells produce little power and voltage — they generate only about one to two watts per cell—they are connected together electrically in series in a weatherproof module. To generate even more power and voltage, modules can be connected to one another to form a solar panel; solar panels are grouped to form an array. The ability to add additional modules as needed is a significant advantage of PV systems. Solar Thermal Energy Solar thermal energy refers to technologies that use the suns energy to heat water and other heat transfer fluids for a variety of residential, industrial and utility applications. Simple and widely used applications of solar thermal energy include solar water heating, swimming pool heating and agricultural drying. In the U.S., solar pool, water and space heating are currently the major applications of thermal energy. Flat-plate collectors — large, insulated metal boxes with glass or plastic covers and dark heat absorbing plates — are the most common collectors used for home solar water and space heating. Other common varieties are evacuated-tube collectors and integral collector storage systems. All three types gather the suns energy, transform it to heat and then transfer that heat to water, a heat-transfer fluid or air. Flat plate collectors typically are mounted on the roof. Evacuated-tube collectors are sometimes used to heat water, but also have useful commercial and Industrial applications where higher temperatures are required. The most powerful large-scale solar thermal technology, however, is concentrating solar power (CSP). While CSP can be PV-based, it generally refers to three solar thermal systems—parabolic troughs, solar dish/engines and power towers— each of which is in use or under development today. These systems use mirrors or reflectors to focus sunlight to heat a fluid and make steam, which then is used to generate electricity. At present, only parabolic troughCSP systems are in commercial use in the U.S., with three installations in three states capable of generating 419 MW of electricity in all.45 Trough systems consist of a linear, parabolic-shaped reflector that focuses the suns energy on a receiver pipe, heating a transfer fluid flowing through the pipe; the transfer fluid then generates superheated steam which is fed to a turbine and electric generator to produce electricity. The troughs track the sun from East to West during the day so that the sun is continuously focused on the receiver pipes.[3] Transmission Solar energy diff ers from most energy technologies in that it can be generated on site, reducing or eliminating fuel transportation and electricity transmission and distribution costs. Solar water heating and space heating devices are â€Å"stand-alone† systems that are not connected tothe electric grid. A PV system provides electric power directly to a user and can be used either as a â€Å"stand-alone† power source or connected to the electricity grid. Systems offering this flexibility sometimes are called distributed power generators. By contrast, utility-scale concentrating solar power plants use centralized power plants and transmission lines to distribute electricity to customers. In 2005, off -grid PV systems accounted for about 18 percent of all PV installed worldwide.50 Homes in remote areas can use PV systems for lighting, home appliances and other electrical needs, saving the cost of extending power lines to a remote location. These systems require a storage device to store power generated during the day for nighttime use; typically, this is a lead-acid battery bank. Unlike gasoline-powered generators, PV systems do not require fuel deliveries and are clean and quiet to operate. Net Metering Net metering standards allow owners of qualifying solar energy systems to be compensated for the value of electric energy they produce; they have been proven to promote solar energy systems. The IC2 Institute report that examined opportunities for the development of the Texas PV industry recommended the adoption of retail net metering in the state. Retail net metering credits customers at the utilitys full retail rate for each kWh generated rather than at the utilitys avoided-cost rate, which is lower. COSTS AND BENEFITS Both thermal and PV solar systems can produce electricity at significantly lower costs today than In the U.S., 2006 retail electricity prices for all sectors averaged more than eight cents per kWh, and for residential electricity, the price averaged about 10 cents per kWh.76 By contrast, parabolic troughstyle CSP systems generated electricity at a cost of 12 cents per kWh in 2006, while PV systems generated electricity for about 18 to 23 cents per kWh.77 The retail price of electricity during peak hours, however, can rise to between 25 and 40 cents per kWh in some parts of the U.S., making PV systems more competitive during peak periods.78 PV systems usually generate more electricity during the hottest time of the day, and thus can help to offset the need to add expensive electric generating capacity to satisfy peak demand in warm areas of the country. PV costs per kWh declined significantly over the last 16 years (from more than 45 cents per kWh in 1990 to about 23 cents per kWh in 2006), due primarily to manufacturing economies of scale as well as improved solar cell efficiency .79 The Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) notes that â€Å"each doubling in cumulative manufacturing has brought prices down by about 18 percent.†80 In the past five years alone, the world PV industry has grown by an average of 30 percent or more each year. In 2006, the U.S. PV industry expanded by 33 percent, compared to 19 percent for the world.81 The expansion of federal income tax credits for commercial and residential solar energy projects, and state and utility incentives, particularly in California, fueled the U.S. industrys impressive growth in 2006. These federal tax credits, however, are set to expire at the end of 2008, and were not extended by Congress in 2007. A shortage of silicon and growing global demand for solar PV modules led to some cost increases in 2006 and 2007.82 About 90 percent of PV modules today still are made of crystalline silicon (polysilicon), which has been in short supply globally, constraining production and temporarily increasing t he cost of solar cells.83 Polysilicon supplies are expected to remain tight and prices high until new plants under construction are completed.84 Solarbuzz, an international solar energy consulting fi rm, predicts rapid growth in polysilicon capacity through 2011, and a resumption of faster rates of growth for the PV market.85 Unprecedented investment in manufacturing capacity is expected to result in lower PV costs over the long term. The cost of solar modules accounts for 50 to 60 percent of the total installed cost of a PV system, with other system parts, materials, assembly and installation accounting for the remainder.86 PV module costs have declined by about 80 percent over the last decade, but the installation costs have not dropped appreciably in recent years.87 Installation costs vary depending on available sunlight, the typical energy usage of the home and the availability of experienced installers in the area. Unlike other energy sources, however, 90 percent of the cost of a PV system is incurred up front.88 once the system is installed, there are no fuel costs and the system requires little maintenance.

Ane Frank

Graded Assignment Journal: Insight into Anne Answer the following questions in complete sentences as you work on Lessons 1–3. Be sure to turn this assignment in to your teacher when you finish Lesson 3. Remember: You need to complete the assignment by the due date to receive full credit. (12 points) How does the fact that Anne tries to maintain a positive attitude affect the way readers view her? Answer: Despite what is going on in her world, Anne believes it will end someday and somehow. She believes that despite the bad things going on, people are still good at heart. (13 points)How does the fact that Anne sometimes gets depressed and begins to view the world as confining and unhealthy affect the way readers view her? Answer: She's a teenager, plain and simple. One day, she views her world as a safe haven, the next day, she wil be sad because she is longing for her friends and the outside. (12 points) In what ways does Anne's diary help her to overcome some of the negative f eelings and emotions that threaten to overwhelm her sometimes? Answer:Writing was her way of expressing herself because in the situation she was in, she couldn't express her feelings too openly. (13 points)What does Anne’s using the motif of the natural world in her diary tell you about her abilities as a writer? Answer:She's creative and believes that one day she will be free and be able to enjoy her life from where she left off. ———————– |Name: dasha |Date: | |Score | | | |Score | | | |Score | | | |Score | | | |Your Score |___ of 50 |

Amu Scin138 Lab 9

Lab Lesson 9: Geologic Time (p. 203) due end of week 3 Return to Assessment List Part 1 of 1 – 100. 0/ 100. 0 Points Question 1 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Questions 1 through 3 are based on the Lab Exercise, Step 2. Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 2, Question 11. How long ago was the igneous rock in rock unit B formed? A. 352 mya B. 380 mya C. 704 mya D. 1408 mya Answer Key: A Question 2 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 2, Question 12. How long ago was the igneous rock in rock unit C formed? A. 70. 4 mya B. 140. 8 mya C. 352 myaD. 704 mya Answer Key: B Question 3 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 2, Question 13. How long ago was the metamorphic rock in rock unit G formed? A. 625 mya B. 704 mya C. 1250 mya D. 2500 mya Answer Key: C Question 4 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Questions 4 through 8 are based on the Lab Exercise, Step 3. 4. Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 3, Question 14. How long ago were the fos sils found in Layer A formed? A. 65. 5–145. 5 mya B. 201. 6–145. 5 mya C. 251–201. 6 mya D. 299–251 mya Answer Key: B Question 5 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 PointsDuring what period were the fossils in Layer A formed? A. Cretaceous Period B. Triassic Period C. Jurassic Period D. Cambrian Period Answer Key: C Question 6 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 3, Question 15. How long ago were the fossils found in Layer D formed? A. 251–299 mya B. 359–299 mya C. 416–359 mya D. 444–416 mya Answer Key: D Question 7 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points During what period were the fossils in Layer D formed? A. Permian Period B. Devonian Period C. Silurian Period D. Ordovician Period Answer Key: C Question 8 of 31 3. 0/ 3. Points Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 3, Question 16. How long ago were the fossils found in Layer E formed? A. 444–416 mya B. 488–444 mya C. 542–488 mya D. 1000–542 mya Answer Key: B Question 9 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points During what period were the fossils in Layer E formed? A. Permian Period B. Devonian Period C. Silurian Period D. Ordovician Period Answer Key: D Question 10 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 3, Question 17. How long ago were the fossils found in Layer F formed? A. 444–416 mya B. 488–444 mya C. 542–488 mya D. 000–542 mya Answer Key: C Question 11 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points During what period were the fossils in Layer F formed? A. Cambrian Period B. Triassic Period C. Carboniferous Period D. Tertiary Period Answer Key: A Question 12 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 3, Question 18. What is the least amount of time that could have passed during the hiatus represented by younger unconformity seen in Figure 9. 12? A. 101 million years B. 150. 4 million years. C. 206. 6 million years D. 286 million years Answer Key: B Question 13 of 31 3. 0/ 3. Points Record y our answer to Lab Exercise, Step 3, Question 19. What is the least amount of time that could have passed during the hiatus represented by the older unconformity seen in Figure 9. 12? A. 708 million years B. 762 million years. C. 1333 million years D. 1958 million years Answer Key: A Question 14 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points 14. Which of the following principles is NOT used in determining the relative age of rocks? A. Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships B. Principle of Original Horizontality C. Principle of Superposition D. Principle of Vertical ContinuityAnswer Key: D Question 15 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Questions 4 through 8 are based on Figure 9. 17 on page 208 of your lab book. Determine the relative age each of the geologic structures shown in the geologic cross section below (Figure 9. 17) from youngest to oldest; then answer the questions below. As before, a wiggly line running across the geologic cross section indicates an unconformity and a fault is indicated with a bold strai ght line. Which is the youngest geologic structure in Figure 9. 17? A. E B. A C. B D. D Answer Key: B Question 16 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 PointsWhich is the oldest geologic structure in Figure 9. 17? A. A B. C C. F D. D Answer Key: D Question 17 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Which letter represents an unconformity in Figure 9. 17? A. A B. C C. E D. F Answer Key: C Question 18 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Which letter represents a fault in Figure 9. 17? A. A B. C C. E D. F Answer Key: D Feedback: F Question 19 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points What is the proper order of geologic structures B, C, D, and F in Figure 9. 17 from oldest to youngest? A. F, B, C, D B. D, C, B, F C. D, F, B, C D. B, C, F, D Answer Key: B Question 20 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 PointsWhat relative dating principle states that in a sequence of sedimentary rocks, unless overturned, the oldest beds are at the bottom and the youngest beds are at the top? A. Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships B. Principle of Inclusion C. Principle of Superpositi on D. Principle of Original Horizontality Answer Key: C Question 21 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points What relative dating principle states that fossils in a sequence of sedimentary rock layers succeed one another in a definite, recognizable order? A. Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships B. Principle of Faunal Succession C. Principle of InclusionD. Principle of Superposition Answer Key: B Question 22 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points The Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships states that A. sedimentary layers and lava flows accumulate as horizontal layers. B. rock fragments found within an igneous intrusion are older than the intrusion. C. geologic structures that cut across other structures are younger than the structures they cut across. D. younger rocks are deposited over older rocks. Answer Key: C Question 23 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points The Principle of Lateral Continuity states A. sedimentary layers and lava flows accumulate as horizontal layers. B. layer of sedimentary rock originally extended in all directions until it thinned to zero or reached the edge of the basin. C. rock fragments found within an igneous intrusion are older than the intrusion. D. younger rocks are deposited over older rocks. Answer Key: B Question 24 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points What type of unconformity appears between two parallel sedimentary layers? A. a disconformity B. a nonconformity C. an angular unconformity D. a sedimentary nonconformity Answer Key: A Question 25 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points What type of unconformity appears between a sedimentary layer and an igneous or metamorphic rock body?A. a disconformity B. a nonconformity C. an angular unconformity D. a sedimentary nonconformity Answer Key: B Question 26 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points What type of unconformity appears between a tilted sedimentary strata and a horizontal overlying layer? A. a disconformity B. a nonconformity C. an angular unconformity D. a sedimentary nonconformity Answer Key: C Question 27 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points If a sample of radio active material contains a parent isotope with a half-life of 3 years, then at the end of 6 years A. all of the parent isotope remains. B. half of the parent isotope remains.C. one-quarter of the parent isotope remains. D. one-ninth of the parent isotope remains. Answer Key: C Question 28 of 31 9. 0/ 9. 0 Points Questions 28 and 29 are based on the Lab Exercise, Step 1. 1. Record your answers to Lab Exercise, Step 1, Questions 1 through 9. List each of the geologic features shown in Figure 9. 12 from youngest to oldest. C (youngest rock unit A H B D E F I G (oldest rock unit) Answer Key: C, a, h, b, d, e, f, i, G Feedback: ___C____ (youngest rock unit) ___A___ ___H___ ___B___ ___D___ ___E___ ___F___ ___I___ ___G___ (oldest rock unit) Question 29 of 31 4. / 4. 0 Points Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 1, Question 10. What letters represents unconformities, and what type of unconformities are they? H is a(n) Angular unconformity ; I is a(n) Nonconformity . Answer Key: an* un*, non* Question 30 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points A fossil is the preserved remains or traces of a once-living organism. Answer Key: fos* Question 31 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points An index fossil is a fossil of an organism that was common and had widespread geographic distribution during a short period of time in Earth’s history. Answer Key: ind*, fos*

Exploring Structured And Developmental Learning - 978 Words

Setting a child up for success has always been a common motto within America as the term â€Å"Children are our future† can be heard in speeches and rallies all across the world. Although ambition in America has hit an all-time low, the â€Å"Ready by 5† program should continue to remain a priority to our younger generation because it opens up the door for numbers of children with fresh, curious and passionate minds who now have the opportunity to explore structured learning habits; mastering the art of â€Å"Learning how to Learn.† With the primary goal for Ready by 5 being intervention and education, the hope is to set poverty stricken children up for academic success far beyond elementary school and to send them off into the world with a strong start. Now, children will be afforded the opportunity to be exposed to a structured and developmental learning environment. The ready by 5 program was initially brought to the Yakima in 2009 and has since educated more than 600 children with that number continuing to grow. Research shows that the first 5 years of a child’s life are the most important because they shape a child’s health, happiness, development, learning achievement at school within the family and community, and in life in general. Personally, I couldn’t agree more with that statement as I have seen firsthand, the progressive development of my own children within that very critical stage. Thomas L. Friedman, author of The World is Flat, believes that before our world became aShow MoreRelatedThe Stepping Stone Preschool Program Essay1436 Words   |  6 PagesPreschool based its philosophy on several core developmental theories. These theories help form the philosophy that will direct all of the center’s actions. According to Freeman, C. Decker and J. 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