Poulantzas’ Approach To The Capitalist State The WritePass Journal

Poulantzas’ Approach To The Capitalist State Theoretical Poulantzas’ Approach To The Capitalist State ). He is additionally generally well known for his Althusseran record of the States relative independence. The best intrigue of his state hypothesis can be found in Britain as apparent with the New Left Review which has energetically taken up his motivation (Clarke 1991). In spite of the fact that Nicos Poulantzas has on numerous events been referenced by the composed left, particularly corresponding to the state banter with Ralph Miliband and his help for Structural Marxism; it ought to be noticed that neither of these settings gives an exact portrayal of this dynamic scholar (Walsh 2012). For instance, the Miliband banter gives just a little impression of Poulantzas’ hypothesis of industrialist state. Notwithstanding being a prestigious Marxist political humanist, little is thought about his hypothesis of the state. Frequently, he is marked as a class-battle reductionist or structuralist; articulations that both neglect to catch his unpredictable hypothesis of the state (Tabak 1999). While his hypothesis is only here and there talked about in specific territories of the scholastic circles; note that he is among the most significant post-war scholars particularly to those that try to propel Marxist state speculations past unrefined instrumentalism and subjectivism (Walsh 2012). Consequently, this paper gives a progressively adjusted depiction of Poulantzas’s hypothesis of the industrialist state. Specifically, the paper examines the idea of the entrepreneur state from Poulantzas’ viewpoint and investigates how his pathbreaking examination gives significant experiences to understanding the conduct of the state and the states structure. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the political ramifications of his view. The force coalition So as to get an away from of Poulantzas’s state hypothesis, it is essential to initially look at the force alliance. For each general public, there is a variety of classes that structure the prevailing and ruled classes. In this regard, Poulantzas noticed that the financially predominant class could just build up political strength in the general public through the industrialist state (Walsh 2012). He considered this gathering of prevailing class the force coalition which contains the industrialist class and the financially incredible classes. The interests of the force alliance are heteros and the make-up and equalization of powers in the force coalition shift from state to state (Walsh 2012). Obviously, for each general public, there will consistently be conflicting and contending interests particularly among the distinctive decision classes. Given the different interests of the force alliance, it turns into the states essential job to guarantee that such clashing interests inside the force coalition don't subvert the predominance of the alliance in general nor present danger to solidarity. It along these lines turns into the job of the state to bring together and sort out the different classes and to maintain their political advantages without presenting danger to solidarity. It follows that the class contrasts inside the force coalition ought not block the states undertaking of keeping up solidarity and the subordinance of the inferior classes. Poulantzas, in this regard, sees the state as assuming a functioning job in the multiplication of relations and support of class-various leveled business as usual (Kalyvas 1999). Globalization and the State The current writing accessible on globalization takes a progressively liberal perspective on the State, the view that the State is a regional organization with brought together authority over its regions (Tabak 1999). As indicated by the liberal view, the state is treated as an element with its own exceptional force. In this manner the intensity of the state becomes released when multinationals leave its domain (Tabak 1999).â Others, sharing a comparative view, contend that when multinationals leave the state’s region, the state may not really become frail as insufficient capital has gotten away from the regional states area to make it out of date (Lenin 2012).â This paper, nonetheless, challenges this view from Poulantzas’s viewpoint of the state. The paper contends that these methodologies neglect to recognize the wellspring of the State’s self-governance. Poulantzas’s state hypothesis In the state hypothesis, Poulantzas appears to be less worried to invalidate liberal vote based hypothesis yet rather censures the socialist customary of state imposing business model private enterprise (Kalyvas 1999). Against this idea that the state is a malleable device of restraining infrastructure capital, Poulantzas rejects the liberal pluralistic-functionalist approaches and draws the consideration of standard political theory to his mind boggling social hypothesis (Kalyvas 1999). As indicated by Nicos Poulantzas, the intensity of the state isn't bound in a pretty much sound on-screen character/establishment and its temperament is free of its territoriality (Kalyvas 1999). The states institutionalism is an impression of the conflicting social relations and the state draws its capacity from these (Kalyvas 1999). The state’s presence is along these lines driven by conflicting social relations and can be seen as a regulated force relationship that rises above the national domain and the regional country; the two of which are not basic for its reality. Poulantzas state hypothesis reaffirms the view that the political domain is autonomous and isn't, as explained in old style Marxism, an impression of the monetary domain. He thinks about the states independence as focal in all conditions and free of its region. As indicated by Poulantzas, the state is by definition an industrialist state, which comprises the political solidarity of the predominant classes, consequently building up them as prevailing (Poulantzas 2000:â p.77 ). He dismisses the supposed instrumentalist point of view verbalized by Miliband on grounds that the states independence is free of the decision class and contends that the state is definitely not a unimportant instrument of the decision or predominant class, however is rather a different substance with its own plan. This state hypothesis created by Poulantzas has its foundations in his political hypothesis which proposes a local way to deal with comprehension and examining the various levels in a social arrangement: political, financial and ideological levels (Poulantzas 2000). His initial work was, nonetheless, subject to analysis in light of the fact that it was seriously functionalist, neglecting to show precisely how the state satisfies its job as the factor of union (Rooksby 2012). Pundits additionally contended that Poulantzas’s approach introduced the political and monetary areas as particular as opposed to just logically (Rooksby 2012). Analysis was additionally raised on grounds that his accentuation on deciding the job of auxiliary network in the industrialist society couldn't in any way, shape or form be joined with the possibility of unexpected class battle (Rooksby 2012). Poulantzas later work, state, power, communism, is unquestionably progressively better than his initial work and speaks to a meaningful step forward in his reasoning. In this last work, this Greek Marxist humanist rejects the Althusseran underpinnings consequently beating a significant number of the analysis raised with his initial work. The beginning stage of the investigation of the entrepreneur state shifts from the supposition of a determinant basic network to one that looks at the idea of relations of creation in the industrialist method of creation (Rooksby 2012). With a move in center, Poulantzas had the option to build up a progressively improved hypothesis of the state. In this last piece, he gives a splendid examination of private enterprise by conceptualizing an express that appears and thinks force and one that gives political space to class battle (Poulantzas 2000). His investigation recognizes the state as both the crystallization and locus of class battle. On one side,â â there is a class battle over the association of creation, information and over state’s juridical contraptions (Poulantzas 2000). It in this manner turns into the states job to reintegrate and bind together isolated and individualized specialists into one country. On the opposite side, this coordination happens with regards to class battle and the state and different organizations are a result of such battle (Poulantzas 2000). His hypothesis of the state is in light of the shortsighted understandings inside Marxism which set that the state was a negligible impression of the predominant class and that state strategy was an immediate articulation of this decision class political will (Clarke 1991). In the Marxist plan, the predominant class is one that claims or controls the methods for creation; and one in which its inclinations the state compares (Clarke 1991). That implies that the predominant class may utilize the state power as an instrument to accomplish its strength in the general public. Poulantzas couldn't help contradicting the Instrumentalist Marxist view and rather contended that the industrialist class was more centered around singular benefit as opposed to keeping up classs power in general (Poulantzas 2000). Against the instrumentalist approach, Poulantzas contends that the state is all the more a material buildup of the relationship among the different classes and that inborn class battle of the industrialist framework is designed into the states centralized server, along these lines the states activities and strategy can't be exclusively directed by the decision class (Poulantzas 2000). Owing a significant obligation to the idea of ‘cultural hegemony’ enunciated by Antonio Gramsci; Poulantzas likewise contends that the stifling developments of the abused are in no way, shape or form the states sole capacity (Salomon 2012). He contends that rather the state power acquires assent of the mistreated through class coalitions, wherein the decision class makes a union with the persecuted bunches so as to get their assent. As per Poulantzas, the state is neither an instrumentalist storehouse of the decision class-power nor a subject with its own theoretical force; yet is somewhat the focal point of the activity of intensity. Ramifications of this view Drawing from the abovementioned, it tends to be contended that th

Binomials in English - Definition and Examples

Binomials in English s Definition In language contemplates, a couple of words (for instance, boisterous and clear) expectedly connected by a combination (normally and additionally) a relational word. Additionally called a binomial pair. At the point when the word request is fixed, the binomial is supposed to be irreversible. (See Examples and Observations beneath.) A comparative development including three things or descriptive words (chime, book, and flame; quiet, cool, and gathered) is known as a trinomial. Likewise, see: ChunkCollocationDoubletsIdiomReduplicative Historical underpinnings From the Latin, two names Models and Observations Instances of binomials in English incorporate a throbbing painfulness, win big or bust, to and fro, beck and call, greater and better, a tiny bit at a time, beat up, high contrast, violence, bread and butter, air pocket and squeak, cut it out, balanced governance, shroud and blade, cops and burglars, corned hamburger and cabbage, straightforward, in any condition, passing and devastation, dollar for dollar, dos and donts, true to form, reckless, fire and brimstone, fish sticks and french fries, fragile living creature and bones, products and enterprises, ham and eggs, hand to mouth, hands and knees, heads or tails, hearts and blossoms, falter, between a rock and a hard place, high and low, self important, episode and puff, much love, kiss and make up, blade and fork, a wide margin, life and demise, gradually, long and short, lost and discovered, boisterous and clear, represent the moment of truth, milk and nectar, needle and string, piecemeal, nip and fold, presently or never, invali d and void, stray pieces, old and dark, coordinated, open and shut, a vital part, harmony and calm, tingling sensation, pots and skillet, clothes to newfound wealth, rise and fall, get going, crude but effective, free from any potential harm, holy people and miscreants, short yet sweet, sharing time, one next to the other, slip and slide, cleanser and water, routine, at some point or another, spotless, sticks and stones, unusual however evident, sugar and zest, good and bad, over and over, one good turn deserves another, like there's no tomorrow, thrash around, good and bad times, low maintenance, and win or lose. Reversible and Irreversible Binomials In the regular paper title text Cold and snow hold the country it is legitimate to set off the fragment cold and snow as a binomial, on the off chance that one concurs so to mark the succession of two words relating to a similar structure class, set on an indistinguishable degree of syntactic progressive system, and usually associated by a lexical connection. There is not all that much or standard about this specific binomial: Speakers are at freedom to alter the progression of its individuals (day off cold . . .) and may without any potential repercussions supplant either day off cold by some semantically related word (say, wind or ice). Notwithstanding, in a binomial, for example, miscellaneous items the circumstance is unique: The progression of its constituents has solidified to such a degree, that a reversal of the two kernels*ends and oddswould be scarcely reasonable to audience members got unsuspecting. Miscellaneous items, at that point, speaks to the unique instance of an ir reversible binomial.(Yakov Malkiel, Studies in Irreversible Binomials. Articles on Linguistic Themes. College of California Press, 1968) Equal and Echoic Binomials The third most successive binomial in the DoD [Department of Defense] corpus is companions and partners, with 67 cases. In contrast to most of binomials, it is reversible: partners and companions likewise happens, with 47 occurrences.Both partners and companions allude to nations which accord with US strategies; thusly, the two directions of the binomial may slant us to arrange the binomial as interchangeable (Gustafsson, 1975). Logically, companions and partners may have an increasing capacity, like echoic binomials (where WORD1 is indistinguishable from WORD2, for example, to an ever increasing extent and more grounded and stronger.(Andrea Mayr, Language and Power: An Introduction to Institutional Discourse. Continuum, 2008)

Audiobooks for Beginners

Audiobooks for Beginners This was the year that I discovered the audiobook. I had not been a fan before this year, but then I realized that I spent too much time on the road listening to music that I just did not like. I wanted to be reading instead. I got an Audible account, made a few false starts, and then settled in to listen to A Discovery of Witches.   It was a great experience, and it made me want more.   I started looking for books to listen to that I might not get around to reading otherwise. That was in May. Now that I have 19 audiobooks under my belt, I feel equipped to make a few recommendations.   Consider this my guide for the uninitiated. The Thirteenth Tale Written by Diane Setterfield, Narrated by Bianca Amato and Jill Tanner I am not alone when I say that this is one of my favorite audiobooks. At a time when I was starting to lose interest in the whole thing, this book got my attention. I am not sure what it was, exactly.   Both the quality of the writing and the production value are very high.  Setterfield has written a story with great depth and emotion. It is as well-developed a mystery as I have read in a very long time.   While I am sure I would have enjoyed it in print, it was the narration of Amato and Tanner that really brought the story to life. I spent more than one afternoon sitting in my car long after I had pulled into my parking space, just so I could listen a little longer. The Graveyard Book Written and Narrated by Neil Gaiman Gaiman is one of the rare authors who does the narration for many of his own novels, which, in his case makes sense.   He is as talented a narrator as he is an author. He brings life to this story in a way that only he can â€" especially since it takes place in a graveyard. I was quite impressed with how Gaiman chose to bring life to his characters and how much attention he paid to the detail. I could hear the changes in Bod’s voice as he grows up, as well as the distinct accents of the many different characters. I had never before considered a graveyard a warm and inviting place. Gaiman’s convinced me otherwise. People of the Book Written by Geraldine Brooks, Narrated by Edwina Wren This audiobook is a perfect blend of the storytelling that I loved so much in The Thirteenth Tale and the characterization that made The Graveyard Book so engaging. There is just one narrator at work, but she succeeds in bringing to life a whole cast of characters, ranging in age, gender, nationality, and time period. Fortunately, the material is as rich and complex as the performance that brings it to life. Brooks has written a story that was meant to be read out loud, and Wren was more than equal to the task. This should give you something to do with that Audible membership you got in your stocking. _______________________ Cassandra Neace teaches college students how to write essays and blogs about books and book-related goodness at  Indie Reader Houston. Follow her on  Twitter:  @CassandraNeace

The Asian American Culture Of America - 1907 Words

The culture that I chose to present is the Asian American culture. It is one of the fastest formed ethnic groups that had their population grow 63% from 1990 to 2000 (Nguyen, 1). The history of the first Asian immigrants started around the gold rush in California. Many Asian immigrants wanted to pursue fortunes in America because of economic hardships in China. Many Chinese started moving to the United States in hopes to get some of the gold in California. Many Chinese were also contracted to work on the railroads in the United States where they worked in very poor conditions for little money and recognition for their hard work. The Chinese even demanded high wages for their work in these poor conditions, but ultimately they were shot†¦show more content†¦(Le, 1) The term Asian American refers to anyone that is living in the United States with a background or heritage with peoples of far east Asia, Southeast Asia and India (Chen, 2). In this culture, there are many different types of ethnicities inside the race of Asian Americans. This group includes Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Laotian, Taiwanese, Vietnamese, Filipino, Cambodian, and Indians that are a part of the continent of Asia. The language of Asian Americans can differ from the type of background that they grew up in. They can chose to adopt the English language in order to better communicate with their surroundings. Asian Americans do not have a primary location in the United States. When the gold rush took place in California, many Asian Americans set up china towns in and around that state. The highest populated area of Asian Americans is in California with over 4.2 million inhabitants. They are a very diverse culture and many have different reasons for moving to the United States from searching for a better life to escaping war times. Some Asian Americans that immigrated to the United States need to adopt the norms that society has that is called acculturation. (Zhang, 752) One characteristic of the culture is that in Asian cultures, most people share a high power distance between one another. This means that there is a sensitivity when speaking with people in a higher position in relation to one another. Children are taught to

How Do We Know Something - 2341 Words

How do we know something? ¨ Well people can know something through three ways: 1.)experiential/empirical 2.)cognitive/rational and 3.)constructed/creational. With experiential a person can know something because they have experienced it, basically through the five senses. With cognitive one knows something because it has been thought through, argued, or rationalized. With constructed a person knows something because they created it and it may be subjective instead of objective and it may be based on practice or awareness. There will be five authors that will be referenced in this essay, they are Hume, Kant, and Locke. Empiricism, A-priorism, and Skepticism will be discussed. Empiricism: A mind that is blank has no room to process sensations. A blank mind is no mind at all. The process of empiricism can’t even begin. The senses aren’t trustworthy. The first step in an empirical theory of knowledge is the regaining of data through the senses. For this process to succeed the senses must be trustworthy. If a witness in a criminal case is shown to have perjured himself, how much credence do you give to the other statements he made. If you’re eyes deceive you once you can’t believe any of it. It is impossible to distinguish a valid perception from an invalid perception. Empiricism cannot determine individuals. â€Å"This massive mountain (Mt. Blanca) stands at the southern end of the Sangre de Cristo range. Is it them really a thing, an individual, a primary reality? If the entireShow MoreRelatedThe Scientific Study Of Epistemology817 Words   |  4 Pageslike me, science is a fact; but â€Å"how did it get in that way?† And, â€Å"how do we know that we know?† These fundamental questions are part of the scientific study of epistemology. Epistemology describes the nature and scope of science, it is known as â€Å"theory of knowledge†, and it is fundamental to any learning. 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STP Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning in Marketing Strategies Free Essays

Introduction All marketing is built on STP – Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning (Kotler Keller, p.310). In the chapter of fundamental marketing concepts, trends, and tasks it says: â€Å"A marketer can rarely satisfy everyone in a market. We will write a custom essay sample on STP: Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning in Marketing Strategies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not everyone likes the same cereal, hotel room, restaurant, automobile, collage or movie. Therefore, marketers start by dividing up the market into segments† (Kotler Keller, 2005, p.24). Segmentation is often the key to developing a sustainable competitive advantage based on differentiation, low cost, or a focus strategy (Aaker, 1995, p.49). It is difficult to identify segments, but typically you consider five, ten or more segmentation variables. These variables needs to be evaluated on the basis of their ability to identify segments for which different strategies are (or should be) pursued (Aaker, 1995, p.51). Once the segments are defined, it is possible for the marketers to evaluate what segments presents the greatest opportunity for business and make an offer to target this specific segment. The useful segment variables for this are : (1) Parameters unrelated to the product (demographic, gender etc) (2) Parameters related to the product (3) Competitor segmentation (4) Benefit segmentation (5) Price Sensitivity (6) Loyalty (7)Application segmentation (Aker, 1995, p.52-54). No company can win if its products and offerings resemble every other product and offering. Companies must pursue relevant positioning and differentiation. In the line of making these strategies, each company must represent a distinctive big idea in the mind of the target market. Positioning is the act of designing the company’s offering and image to occupy a distinctive place in the mind of the target market (Kotler Keller, 2005, p.310). This way of positioning works for static businesses like the shampoo and the washing powder businesses for example. Products in a more dynamic environment like PC’s and semiconductors, where things change often, fast and dramatically, need another way of thinking which is described below: †Standard approaches to positioning do not necessarily work. A company that is #1 today has no guarantee that it will be #1 tomorrow. New technologies can turn a seemingly solid position into a fragile one almost overnight. No amount of advertising can prevent that from happening. Even with the best of slogans, a company can lose its position in the market.† McKenna (1985, p.15) Positioning is not something that you do with the product, positioning is what you do to the mind of the prospect. That is, you position the product in the mind of the prospects. This is described in the book Positioning (Ries Trout, 2006), who claims that the market place today is an overcommunicated society where there is too much of information communicating its offer (Ries Trout, 2006, p.6). This is the reason of why we need positioning. We need positioning to be successful in communicating our message on the market place in the overcommunicated society. Positioning is a concept that has changed the nature of advertising, a concept so simple, people have difficulty understanding how powerful it is (Ries Trout, 2006, p.2). According to Trout the history within the advertisement on the market place, which now is overcommunicated, have been in three different eras (Ries Trout, 2006, p.22-24): †¢ Product era; where Unique Selling Points were communicated, but was destroyed by Me-too companies. †¢ Image era; where successful companies found image more important than product features. This era was also destroyed by the Me-too companies. †¢ Positioning era; to succeed in our overcommunicated society, a company mustcreate a position in the prospect’s mind. In this era, strategy is king and there isnot necessary to invent and be first with the product, but you need to be first in the mind of your customer. In our overcommunicated society, the paradox is that nothing is more important than communication. With communication going for you, anything is possible. Without it, nothing is possible. No matter how talented and ambitious you may be (Ries Trout, 2006, p.19). Positioning is about communication. Positioning is to say the right things to the right person at the right time, NASA call this a window in space. In other words, positioning is an organized system for finding windows in the mind. It is based on the concept that communication can only take place at the right time under the right circumstances. With this in mind, it is also important to keep the position statement oversimplified, to be able to reach the mind of the prospects (Ries Trout, 2006, p.7) According to Ries Trout, there are two possible ways to get into the mind of a person, the easy one and the hard one. The easy one is to be first, the hard one is to be second or ater. Most of the people know the name of the first man on the moon, a lot fewer know the name of the second. But even if you are second, there are strategies for this kind of situation. These situations are described as repositioning by Ries Trout (2006, p.63). Once you are in the mind of the person, the positioning requires consistency. It should be kept year after year. It is very common that companies forget what made them successful, and change the positioning communication. This is normally wrong strategy according to Trout, and refers to when Avis changed their successful slogan: â€Å"Avis is only No. 2 in rent-a-cars, so why go with usWe try harder.† to the less successful; â€Å"Avis is going to be No. 1†. The explanation behind this logic is that to be successful you need to touch base with reality. And the only reality that counts is what’s already in the prospect’s mind (Ries Trout, 2006, p.5). In this case, Avis was not destined to be No.1, unless it could find a weakness in Hertz to explore. To develop an offer, you need to know your strategies of what you are going to sell to whom. If you are working according to the suggestions in Michael Porter’s book Competitive Strategies (Porter, 1998, p.35), where he claims that you need to choose between (1) Product differentiation, (2) Low price or (3) Niches to be successful, then you need to form a clear offer for that specific segment. You can only have success by being the best in one segment, if you try to combine you will most likely have trouble with resources and risk that another company wins this area. When you know the segment, you need to decide about your specific positioning. Kotler recommend the company to evaluate between 7 specific sources of positioning (Kotler, 1999, p.78): (1) Attribute positioning (2) Advantage positioning (3) Application positioning (4)User positioning (5) Competitive positioning (6) Category positioning (7)Quality/price positioning. Further on Kotler (1999) writes that companies must not do the following mistakes: Under positioning: Fail to offer a strong benefit or reason to buy the product Over positioning: To create a position that is too tight, which results in that you miss customers. Confusing positioning: To offer two or more benefits that interfere with each Other irrelevant positioning: To offer benefits to customers that doesn’t matter forthem. Doubtful positioning: To claim a benefit that customers will doubt the company to achieve. In the book â€Å"Crossing the chasm† by Geoffrey Moore, he claims that the positioning is the single largest influence on the buying decision. Not only for the final decision, but also for how to evaluate alternatives leading up to the final choice (Moore, 2001, p.144). Geoffrey Moore describes the positioning process in four components (Moore, 2001, p.147): The claim: The fundamental position statement The evidence: Develop sufficient evidence for the statement Communications: Address the right audience in the right sequence with the right message Feedback and adjustments: Competitors can be expected to respond to the statement trying to poke holes in the effort, this might require a patch up. There are different tools to use when evaluating the status of the position. Some of them can be found in the handbook of Andberg Eliasson (2005, p.47-54) where they are mentioned: 1) Marketing positioning diagram 2) Marketing roles 3) Marketing stairs 4) Profile diagram. Sjostrom, R. (1996, p26) have made a deep analysis of positioning and found out that there are four different groups of how to see positioning:Product-, Competition-, Relation-, and Phase oriented Positioning. Marketing Mix, Four P’s The Marketing Mix model also commonly known as the 4P’s Kotler (2005, p.19), describes the marketing tools and variables used by a company to pursue its marketing objectives. In other words, the Marketing Mix approach to marketing is a model used to assist in implementing marketing strategies. The Marketing Mix principles are based on ontrollable variables which can be used by companies to meet the changing needs of the target group. Typical controllable variables are product variety, quality, list price advertising and channels. The function on the model is useful helping companies to develop an optimal package (mix) of variables that will not only satisfy the needs of their customers within the target markets, but also simultaneously maximize the performance and profit of the company. Pricing is an important but difficult issue in this model, important because it is the only mix that generate a turnover for the company, all other P’s in the model are connected to costs, and â€Å"Pricing is difficult because the various products have demand and cost interrelationship and are subject to different degrees of competition† Kotler (2005, p.387). Figure – The 4P’s Components of the Marketing Mix (Kotler 2005, p.19) The Marketing Mix model is described in figure 3, describing the mix of Product, Price,Promotion and Place. Working with the model, also means working with sub-mixes ofeach different P. For example, the Promotion variable can be further decomposed into apromotional mix consisting of variables like; sales promotion, advertising, sales force,public relations and direct marketing. Within the promotional mix, advertising can befurther broken down into an advertising media mix that specifies how much emphasis isplaced on television ads, radio ads, newspaper ads, internet ads, magazine ads, etc. I would like to reflect on some variables within each group of the model that I find interesting when analyzing a Marketing Mix of a company. 1 Product The mix of products in each company is defined in one or more product lines, and each line has its own length depending on the companies strategy and competition. The lengths (amount of products) can be stretched to cover wider area of products or it can be filled (features of product within the range), both activities strive to find new customers and increase the sales and market share. The product line is also an interesting object for analyzing, to find out which product line to grow, maintain, harvest or divest. The quality is a variable to benefit from when communicating the message of the product/brand, but also when dealing with warranties, services and returns, while services and returns cost money. 2 Price Pricing is as mentioned above, a complex issue. There are both internal and external parameters to consider, with internal I mean manufacturing and marketing costs that need to be covered and with external I mean that you should consider the need of the market, the competition etc. I have read about 6 different situations only involving different product-mix pricing Kotler (2005, p.387). Pricing is also about credits, discounts, interests and leasing. It is all about to find out the most beneficial method for the company and in the same time give the customer maximum satisfaction according to his expectations. 3 Promotion Promotion is a group that handles variables likeadvert i si ng and sales promotion. These two variables I mentioned affect each other in a positive way. According to a study described (Kotler, 2005, p.387), a price promotion resulted in a 15% increase in sales volume, combined with feature promotion the product sales increased 19 %. Most affect was when also POP (Point-of-Purchase) was added to the campaign, like demonstrations. The tools to use are many and some will work better than others depending on the product and market. The main different areas when talking about omotion tools are; Consumer-, Trade- and Business and Sales Force Promotion Tools (Kotler, 2005, p.588-599). 4 Place I find the variableschannel andlocation in the group â€Å"Place† to be important variables to have control of. The channels are about moving goods from producer to consumer. Location is about where to find and get the product, not only physical but also places like web pages on the Internet. When discussing channels, functions and flow (Kotler, 2005, p.473) are easy to understand for me. Functions like physical or promotion creates a forward flow, from company to customer, and functions like ordering and payment create a backward flow. I find it more complex to understand, control and implement the Vertical marketing System Kotler (2005, p.486), Horizontal Marketing System (Kotler, 2005, p.488) or the most common of them, the Multi channel Marketing System (Kotler, 2005, p.488) into the strategies of a company. But this is the strength of this model I think, because if you can control all the independent variables in this model, you will most likely have good success in the sales volume. Reference Aaker, D. (1995), Strategic Marketing Management, John Wiley, New York, NY Adndberg, L. Eliasson, B. (2005),Marknadspl anen, Liber, Malmo. Holme, I.M., Solvang B.K (1997), Forskningsmetodik: om kvalitativa och kvantitativa studier. Lund: Studentlitteratur. Oversattning: Bjorn Nilsson. Kotler, P. (1999), Kotlers marknadsforing, Liber, Malmo. Kotler, P. Keller K. L. (2005), Marketing Management, 12th edition, Pearson Prentice Hall. McKenna, R. (1985), The Regis Touch, new market strategies for uncertain times, Addison-Wesley Publ. Company Inc., California. Moore, Geoffrey A. (2001), Crossing the Chasm, 3rd edition, Capstone, Oxford. Ries, A. Trout, J. (2006), Positioning: The battle for your mind, McGraw-Hill, London Sjostrom, R. (1996), Positionering under strategisk osakerhet, Diss. Ekonomiska institutionen, LiTH, Linkoping How to cite STP: Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning in Marketing Strategies, Essay examples

1. Definition of Down Syndrome Essay Example For Students

1. Definition of Down Syndrome Essay Down Syndrome, congenital malformation accompanied by moderate to severe mental retardation, and caused by a chromosomal abnormality. The chance of getting Down syndrome is approximately one in 700 births, but the risk varies with the age of the mother. The incidence of Down syndrome in children born to 25-year-old mothers is approximately 1 in 1200; the risk increases to approximately 1 in 120 for women older than 40 years. Prenatal tests like amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling can be used to detect the chromosomal abnormality causing Down syndrome. Maternal blood tests can also suggest the presence of a fetus with Down syndrome when levels of alphafetoprotein are lower than usual, or when levels of unconjugated estriol and human chorionic gonadotrophin are abnormal. The chromosomal abnormality which generally causes Down syndrome is trisomy-21, or the presence of three 21st chromosomes. As a result, the affected person has 47 chromosomes in all body cells instead of the normal 46. Scientists assume that the reason for the abnormally is the fertilization of an ovum having 24 chromosomes by a sperm with a normal assortment of 23, but they have also found that the sperm can carry the extra chromosome as well. The abnormal ovum or sperm is derived from a germ cell in which the pair of 21st chromosomes holds together and passes into the same sperm or ovum instead of separating. There are two types of Down Syndrome: translocation and mosaicism. Down syndrome can not yet be treated, but medical care of the disease results in an almost normal life for the persons affected. In the past, many children with Down syndrome were put in institutions. Today, Most children with Down syndrome participate in public-school programs, and most adults with Down syndrome hold jobs of different types in our society. Persons with Down syndrome are often short in stature and have a small, round head with a high, flattened forehead. A typical feature is a fold of skin, the epicanthic fold, on either side of the bridge of the nose.. Such persons are also subject to heart defectsmany of which can be corrected surgicallyand are more likely to develop leukemia than normal people. 2. Life with Down Syndrome 1. The ostracism related to Down Syndrome First of all, even if it sounds very logical, its important to say that Down Syndrome isnt usual; its not something that occurs in everybodys life . A minority of people have this disease, and therefore, were not used to this. Maybe it scares us, maybe it makes us laugh, or maybe it makes us feel sorry. Anyway, we feel uncomfortable in these peoples company. Were not used to confront them in our everyday life ,so it makes it difficult for us to share our lives with them in the same unique society. This is when the phenomenon of ostracism makes its entrance. Here are two major factors to this ostracism: People with Down Syndrome are mentally handicapped, and can therefore not accomplish the same intellectual tasks as normal people. Of course, it depends on how severe the handicap is, but in most of the cases, this is true. So the society does not accept from the intellectual point of view. Persons with Down Syndrome dont look the same way as we do. Sometimes, theyre even physically handicapped. This makes it difficult for them to participate in our physical activities , which sometimes even run our lives. Sports are one of these activities. One can say its a good thing there has been arranged games for these people, but doesnt this attend to separate them even more from our society ?In a way ,it does. I will conclude by saying that its a fact , this ostracism really exists . But isnt it human ? Sometimes one just cannot control their feelings. .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 , .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 .postImageUrl , .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 , .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691:hover , .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691:visited , .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691:active { border:0!important; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691:active , .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Homeless Essay Its nature, its the way we are .And actually , theres nothing more to it . At least , for the moment .A change of mentality is a long process. The people concerned must in a way accept this, as long as theyre not made fun of or discriminated. And again, as in the issue of racism, tolerance is the key. We cant be asked to like them, but .